Real transfers rarely hit line rate (protocol overhead, Wi‑Fi, disk). 90% is a fair default.
Time = size ÷ throughput. With speed in megabits per second and size in megabytes:
seconds = (MB × 8) / Mbps. The Internet Speed Test’s “time to download a 4K movie” cards use the same formula.
ISPs advertise megabits (Mbps). File sizes are usually megabytes (MB). Divide Mbps by 8 for ideal MB/s (100 Mbps ≈ 12.5 MB/s).
Wi‑Fi, congestion, server limits, disk write speed, and protocol overhead. Use the efficiency slider to model that.
Run the Internet Speed Test on this site, then paste the result here.