Music and Acoustics · sound

Sound Levels & Decibels

Pick two sounds, put them at any distance, and see what they actually come to — together, and against everything else.
20 µPa reference
Region Global. Decibels, the 20 microPascal reference and the inverse square law are the same everywhere. The exposure limit is not: 85 dB(A) over eight hours with a 3 dB exchange is the ISO and EU rule, while US OSHA uses 90 dB(A) with a 5 dB exchange, which is markedly more permissive at high levels.

Two sounds

point source

Sound A

Sound B

How the sound spreads

The scale

Where those land against everything else

every 10 dB is about twice as loud
Distance

What walking away buys you

Your microphone

Measure the room you are in

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dB

The microphone is not opened until you press that button. When you do, the audio is analysed in this page frame by frame and thrown away: nothing is recorded, nothing is stored, and there is no upload in this tool to send it to. Stopping releases the microphone immediately, and the permission stays yours to revoke.

This is not a calibrated sound level meter, and a browser cannot make one. The browser hands the page a normalised sample stream from a microphone whose sensitivity it never states, usually behind automatic gain control that cannot reliably be turned off. There is no pascal figure to compare against 20 µPa, so there is no honest absolute reading. Differences are real — if the number drops 6 dB when you walk twice as far away, that is a true 6 dB — so it is shown relative to full scale (dBFS), and you can set the offset yourself if you have a real meter to match it against.
Field notes

Things worth carrying around

The loudest thing is the whole answer

A source 10 dB below another adds 0.4 dB to it; 20 dB below adds 0.04. So in any room, fixing anything other than the loudest thing changes a number nobody can hear. It is the single most useful consequence of the unit.

Always ask “at what distance?”

A level without a distance is meaningless, and most quoted figures quietly assume one metre. “A chainsaw is 110 dB” means 110 dB at the handle; at ten metres it is 90, and across a field it is conversation.

Roads break the inverse square law

Doubling your distance from a point buys 6 dB; from a line of traffic it buys 3. That is why moving twice as far from a motorway is so disappointing, and why the last few metres near a drill matter so much more than the last few hundred near a road.

Twice as loud costs ten times the energy

About 10 dB sounds twice as loud, and 10 dB is a factor of ten in sound power. Halving the perceived loudness of a machine means removing ninety per cent of what it emits — which is why quiet is expensive and why 3 dB improvements are the ones actually on offer.

3 dB is the smallest change you would notice

In a lab, on a steady tone, about 1 dB is detectable. In a real room, 3 dB is the practical figure — and that is exactly what you get from switching off one of two identical machines.

The exchange rate is a policy, not a physics

ISO and the EU halve the allowed time every 3 dB, because 3 dB is twice the energy. US OSHA halves it every 5. At 100 dB that is fifteen minutes against two hours, for the same sound.

Version history · unchanged

No change to this page at all since the earliest archived release (v4.87). The full history for the site is in the changelog.

How it works

Why almost every decibel intuition is wrong

A decibel is a ratio, on a logarithmic scale, against a reference so quiet it is roughly the faintest sound a young ear can hear — 20 micropascals of pressure. Three unfamiliar ideas at once, which is why the unit misleads so reliably.

They do not add up

Two sounds of 60 dB together make 63 dB, not 120. Unrelated sounds do not line their pressure peaks up, so their energies add rather than their pressures — and doubling the energy is 3 dB, always.

The consequence is worth keeping: a sound 10 dB quieter than another adds 0.4 dB to it, and one 20 dB quieter adds 0.04. In any room the loudest thing is very nearly the whole answer, which is why silencing the second-loudest machine on a factory floor changes almost nothing.

Twice the distance is not half the noise

A point source spreads over the surface of a sphere, and that surface grows as the square of the radius. Twice as far means a quarter of the intensity, which is −6 dB. Ten times as far is −20 dB.

A road is not a point. A line of traffic spreads over a cylinder instead, so it falls off as 1/r rather than 1/r², and doubling your distance from it buys only 3 dB. This is the commonest error in everyday noise arithmetic, because a road is the thing people most often want to reason about — and it is why moving twice as far from a motorway disappoints.

Twice as loud costs ten times the energy

Roughly 10 dB sounds about twice as loud. That is a perceptual rule of thumb rather than a physical identity, and it is the one number that connects the scale to experience. It also explains why quiet is expensive: ten decibels is a factor of ten in energy, so halving the perceived loudness of a machine means removing ninety per cent of its sound power.

About 3 dB is the smallest change most people notice in ordinary conditions — which is exactly what you get from switching off one of two identical machines.

How long is it safe for?

The ISO and EU rule is 85 dB(A) for eight hours, and the allowance halves for every 3 dB above it, because 3 dB is twice the energy.

LevelSafe forSomething like
85 dB8 hoursheavy traffic from the pavement
88 dB4 hoursa food blender at arm's length
91 dB2 hoursa petrol lawnmower
94 dB1 houra busy nightclub
100 dB15 minutesa chainsaw, or the front of a gig
112 dBunder a minutea siren at close range

The American OSHA rule uses a 5 dB exchange instead of 3, which is markedly more permissive at high levels — the same 100 dB buys two hours rather than fifteen minutes. The physics did not change; the rule did.

Free-field arithmetic. Levels spread as if nothing were in the way: this page does not model reflections, room reverberation, barriers, ground effect, air absorption, wind or temperature gradients. Indoors, reflected sound stops the fall with distance entirely once you are past a metre or two, so a real room is always louder than this says. Source levels are typical published figures for the named thing, not measurements of yours, and the A-weighting that makes dB(A) is assumed rather than applied.