A transfer function is a product of simple factors — a gain, some poles, some zeros. In decibels (20·log₁₀|G|) and degrees, multiplying those factors together becomes adding their individual magnitude and phase contributions — which is exactly why Bode plots are built the way they are, and why each element here (gain, integrator, pole, zero, resonant pair) has its own clean, well-known dB-and-degrees signature that just sums up.
A single pole at 10 rad/s sits at 0 dB and 0° well below its corner frequency, drops through −3 dB and −45° exactly at 10 rad/s, and settles into a clean −20 dB/decade rolloff approaching −90° above it — every first-order pole looks like this, just shifted along the frequency axis.
How much extra phase lag the loop can tolerate at the gain-crossover frequency (where the loop gain is exactly 1, 0 dB) before the phase reaches −180° and the feedback that was stabilising the system starts reinforcing it instead. Textbook target: roughly 45–60° for a well-damped response.
How much extra gain the loop can tolerate at the phase-crossover frequency (where phase is exactly −180°) before the magnitude reaches 0 dB and the same instability sets in. A healthy design usually wants at least 6–10 dB of room here.
Two poles arriving together (a complex-conjugate pair) briefly reinforce each other in phase right at their natural frequency when damping is low — the lower the damping ratio ζ, the taller and narrower that peak, until at ζ ≥ 1/√2 (≈0.707) the peak disappears entirely.
1/(jω) is a pure 90° phase shift at every frequency — there's no corner to it, which is exactly why integrators (and the "type" of a control system) contribute a fixed phase lag rather than a frequency- dependent one.